The Assessment on Memory Types and Amnesic Syndrome

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Amanda Siegel

CLPS 0010

October 20, 2017

Class Notes

Announcements:

● HW #1 coming back today

● Midterms grades look good so far – midterms coming back on Wednesday in class

● Response paper #2 due in early November

Lecture:

Memory types

● Explicit memory (conscious)

○ You’re being asked to remember something

○ E.g., What did you have for breakfast? What is the capital of Nebraska?

○ Types: episodic memory (memory for specific events), semantic memory

(general knowledge, not tied to any time or place)

● Implicit memory (revealed by indirect tests)

○ Something you remember without being asked to remember it

○ E.g., Knowing how to ride a bike, knowing how to get dressed in the morning

○ Types: procedural memory (knowing how; i.e., memory for skills), priming

(changes in perception and belief caused by previous experience), perceptual

learning (recalibration of perceptual systems as a result of experience), classical

conditioning (learning about associations among stimuli)

Amnesic Syndrome

● A profound impairment in long-term memory with a relative preservation of all other

intellectual capacities

○ Can be caused by: Alcoholic Korsakoff’s Syndrome, Medial Temporal Lobe

Amnesia (e.g., Patient H.M.), certain viruses, strokes, head injury

● Classic symptom: working memory is fine, they’re fine in the moment; if you distract

them, they can’t remember anything in the past

● Patients live in the “permanent present tense”

○ Book: Permanent Present Tense

Impaired Long-Term Memory

● Can be tested with paired-associate learning paradigm

Intact Short-Term Memory

● Can be tested with the Brown-Peterson paradigm

○ Amnesic patients perform fine on this

● Serial position curve (memory of items based on the position in a lost of many items)

○ Amnesic patients are perfectly fine on the recency effect, but not on the long-

term memory

Intact Motor Skill Learning

● Learning how to do a task by doing it repeatedly (muscle memory)

Intact Perceptual Skill Learning

● Reading reverse reflections of words

● Amnesic patients learn at the same rate as normal patients

○ Note: the words are not the same each time; subjects are not learning to read the

specific words, they’re learning to read mirror reflections of any word

Intact Priming

● Priming – facilitation of the processing of stimuli due to prior presentation of the same or

related stimuli

Dissociation between Explicit and Implicit Memory

● Explicit and implicit memory are separate areas

● E.g., amnesic syndrome patients have impaired explicit memory but intact implicit

memory

Dissociation between Episodic and Semantic Memory

● Are these types of explicit memory (episodic and semantic) separate or together?

○ i.e., can you have damage to one area but not the other?

Episodic vs. Semantic Memory in Amnesia

● Episodic memory – logical memory subtest of WMS

● Semantic memory – vocabulary subject of WAIS

Episodic Semantic

Korsakoff 0

Not so fine

10.5

Totally fine

Controls 7.7 10.0

● Problem with the study – the semantic test teaches old information, but the episodic test

is based on new information

○ Is the difference episodic vs. semantic or old vs. new?

Episodic vs. Semantic Memory in Amnesia

● 3 patients (kids) with bilateral hippocampal damage early in life:

○ Beth (age 14 when tested)

■ Born without a heartbeat for 7-8 minutes

■ Sporadic seizure for 2-3 days

○ Jon (age 19 when tested)

■ Delivered prematurely at 26 weeks

■ 2 months in incubator and on ventilator

○ Kate (age 22 when tested)

■ Received toxic dose of theophylline at age 9

■ Acute episode of seizures, unconsciousness and respiratory arrest

● All 3 patients were unable to remember events of daily life:

○ None could reliably find their way in familiar surroundings, remember where

objects and belongings were usually located, or remember where they placed

them.

○ None were well oriented in date and time, and they must frequently be reminded

of regularly scheduled appointments and events.

○ None could provide reliable accounts of the day’s activities.

○ SEVERE EPISODIC MEMORY DEFICIT

● All 3 patients went to school and did perfectly fine

○ They were all right around average, even above average sometimes

● One potential explanation is that because kids’ brains are so plastic, their brains can

assign long-term memory tasks to other areas

Retrograde Amnesia

● The ability of amnesic patients to learn new information – patients with retrograde

amnesia cannot remember things that happened prior to the brain injury

Could the problem with amnesic patients be described as a recall issue? Like their actual

memory mechanisms work, but they can’t recall memory that’s been stored

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