Increasing prevalence of display screen users description

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This position paper argues that the increasing prevalence of display screen users and the frequent and prolonged use of computers, laptops, tablets, or mobile devices required to complete work necessitates a closer examination of the health and well-being of display screen users and the interrelationships between display screen users and health. Research available has primarily reviewed posture, lighting, and keyboard design; there is little evidence investigating the relationship between working away from the office on a display screen user and employees’ health. Other relevant health aspects are absent from display screen user workforce reviews. (Chika & Ndidi 2022 p. 27)

 

It is proposed that the mobile worker is different from office workers due to the cessation of fixed screen work, reducing the consciousness of work to a mere cessation versus renewal state of the employee, which should assist with recovery and promote healthy behaviors during the non-working period. This definition is primarily due to the critical component of remote working, and it is proposed that working from any location, whether away from home, co-working facilities, cafés, home, site, or periodically from the head office, should be analyzed within this review.

 

It must also be noted that the term “mobile worker” implies employee movement, such as working on the train or in the car, yet much research focuses on working from home. This is not to say that a few data are not from model workplace conditions such as a functional control center. More detail on the specific location and the individual’s exact task may help ascertain the nature of the acceptability of an intervention. The paper focuses on using devices for occupational use and, thereby, not those used for personal or recreational purposes. However, there may be instances in which crossover occurs during working periods and other more relevant activities during designated non-working periods.

 

Figure 1 – Three interacting loads on an office worker (SS 514: 2016)

1.2. Current Problem

The issue lies in addressing the rising physical health challenges caused by prolonged use of display screen equipment (DSE), which is increasingly common among desk-bound employees. These challenges include musculoskeletal disorders like back pain and neck strain, eye fatigue (digital eye strain or computer vision syndrome), and general discomfort due to sedentary behavior.

 

Preventive measures such as ergonomic interventions (adjusting desk and chair height, monitor placement), regular breaks (to reduce strain and improve circulation), and eye health practices (like the 20-20-20 rule) aim to mitigate these effects (Chim & Chen, 2023). However, challenges persist, such as the lack of awareness, inconsistent implementation of these measures, and varying effectiveness across individuals.

 

1.3. Research Question

What are the physical health effects of prolonged display screen equipment usage among desk-bound employees, and the preventive measures to be applied?

 

1.4. Research Objective(s)

This research shall attempt to analyze the impact of prolonged usage of display screen equipment for desk-bound employees.

 

1.5. Research Hypotheses

Prolonged usage of display screen equipment among desk-bound employees leads to increased physical health issues, such as eye strain, musculoskeletal discomfort, and reduced physical activity. However, implementing preventive measures, such as ergonomic interventions, regular breaks, and adherence to eye health practices, significantly reduces these adverse effects.

 

16. Definition of Terms

“Display screen equipment (DSE)”: For the purpose of this research, Display screen equipment (DSE) refers to any device or equipment that has an alphanumeric or graphic display screen. This includes computers, laptops, tablets, smartphones, and other visual display units. Essentially, if it has a screen and you use it to interact with digital information, it’s considered display screen equipment. (Health and Safety Executives HSE 2012)

 

1.7. Past Related Research Articles

1.7.1. Table of Past Research Articles/Journals 

 

 

 

Title of Article	Publication Number and Date	Description of Article	Difference between the article and this research
Working with Display Screen Equipment: Health Problems and Preventive Measures	Chika, C. and Ndidi, A.F., 2022.	This article reviews the health issues related to prolonged DSE use, focusing on musculoskeletal problems and visual strain while offering preventive measures.	This article shares similar health topics but employs a critical literature review methodology, which differs from the paper’s more specific focus on health interventions.
Occupational health services and prevention of work-related musculoskeletal problems	Roy, D., 2022.	The paper addresses work-related musculoskeletal problems and the role of occupational health services in prevention.	My research examines the preventive measures specifically for DSE users, while this article explores broader occupational health practices beyond screen-related issues.
Physiological and health implications of a sedentary lifestyle	Tremblay, M.S., et al., 2010.	This article discusses the negative health impacts of sedentary behavior, mainly in relation to cardiovascular and metabolic health.	Although both explore sedentary behavior, my research focuses specifically on DSE usage and its direct impact on health, while this article covers sedentary behavior in a broader context.
Sedentary behavior and health outcomes: an overview of systematic reviews	Rezende, L.F.M.D., et al., 2014.	A comprehensive review of systematic reviews on the health outcomes of sedentary behavior.	While both discuss sedentary behavior, my research focuses explicitly on DSE-related health outcomes and preventive measures for DSE users.
Effects of screentime on the health and well-being of children and adolescents	Stiglic, N. and Viner, R.M., 2019.	This article systematically reviews the effects of screen time on children’s health and well-being.	The main difference lies in the population—this article focuses on children and adolescents, while my research focuses on adult DSE users in occupational settings.
Musculoskeletal disorders of the upper extremities due to extensive usage of handheld devices	Sharan, D., et al., 2014.	This study explores upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders related to handheld devices.	This article examines handheld devices, while my research looks at general DSE usage, including desktop computers and laptops.
Computer work and musculoskeletal disorders of the neck and upper extremity	Wærsted, M., et al., 2010.	A systematic review of the relationship between computer work and musculoskeletal disorders in the neck and upper limbs.	The article directly focuses on the musculoskeletal disorders specific to the neck and upper extremities due to computer work. At the same time, my research encompasses a broader range of physical health risks, including eye strain and sedentary behavior.
Digital Eye Strain: Investigation and Optometric Management	Moore, P.A., 2023.	This dissertation investigates digital eye strain and offers optometric management strategies.	This dissertation provides an in-depth optometric approach to managing eye strain, while my research involves a critical literature review across various health topics, including ergonomics and musculoskeletal health.
Ergonomic interventions for preventing work-related musculoskeletal disorders	Hoe, V.C., et al., 2018.	A Cochrane review evaluating ergonomic interventions in preventing musculoskeletal disorders among office workers.	My research examines ergonomic interventions specifically for DSE users, while this article evaluates broader ergonomic practices across all types of office work.
Musculoskeletal disorders and ergonomic interventions	Kim, I.J., 2015.	Discusses musculoskeletal disorders and the effectiveness of ergonomic interventions in addressing them.	While this study looks at general ergonomic interventions, my research delves into specific interventions for DSE users and the related health risks in occupational settings.
Management of digital eye strain	Coles‐Brennan, C., et al., 2019.	The article reviews strategies for managing digital eye strain in clinical settings.	My research focuses on preventive measures in office work environments, whereas this article addresses explicitly clinical management of eye strain.
Mobile health in the developing world	Latif, S., et al., 2017.	Reviews the role of mobile health technologies in developing countries.	This article focuses on mobile health technologies in developing regions, while my research explores health issues related to display screen equipment usage in work settings.
Literature review as a research methodology	Snyder, H., 2019.	Offers an overview of literature reviews as a research methodology and provides guidelines for conducting them.	My research employs a critical literature review methodology, while this article focuses more on the method rather than specific health topics.
Critical thinking: A literature review	Lai, E.R., 2011.	A review of the concept and development of critical thinking across disciplines.	The article focuses on critical thinking in educational contexts, whereas my research centers on health risks associated with DSE use and their prevention.
Using meta-synthesis to support qualitative methods findings in practice	Edwards, J. and Kaimal, G., 2016.	Discusses meta-synthesis in qualitative research and its application in practice.	While this paper covers qualitative synthesis methods, my research uses a critical literature review focused on specific health risks related to DSE usage.
Work-related psychosocial and physical paths to future musculoskeletal disorders	Afsharian, A., et al., 2023.	Examines both psychosocial and physical factors leading to musculoskeletal disorders.	My research focuses solely on the physical health impacts of DSE usage, with less emphasis on psychosocial factors than this article.
Musculoskeletal disorders and working risk factors	Tuček, M. and Vaněček, V., 2020.	Reviews the risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders in various work environments.	My research narrows the focus to DSE-specific issues in desk-based work, whereas this article takes a broader view of work-related risk factors for musculoskeletal health.
Digital eye strain—a comprehensive review	Kaur, K., et al., 2022.	A detailed review of digital eye strain and its management.	This article primarily focuses on eye strain management, while my research takes a broader perspective on DSE-related health, including musculoskeletal and sedentary risks.
Sedentary behavior and health: concepts, assessments, and interventions	Zhu, W. and Owen, N., 2017.	This book discusses the concepts of sedentary behavior and related health outcomes, offering assessment methods and interventions.	This book takes a broader, general health focus, while my research focuses specifically on DSE-related sedentary behavior and its impacts on workers’ health.
Prediction of work from home and musculoskeletal discomfort: an investigation of ergonomic factors in work arrangements and home workstation setups using the COVID-19 experience	Chim, J.M. and Chen, T.L., 2023.	This article investigates the ergonomic factors associated with work-from-home arrangements and their impact on musculoskeletal discomfort, using data from the COVID-19 pandemic experience. It focuses explicitly on home workstation setups and ergonomic considerations for remote workers.	While this article investigates ergonomic factors in home workstations, my research focuses on general DSE usage in occupational settings, including office and mobile work environments. It includes broader health risks like digital eye strain and sedentary behavior. Additionally, this article employs a predictive analysis methodology, while my research adopts a critical literature review methodology to evaluate existing studies.

 

 

 

 

 

1.8. Rationale of Research & Research Ethics 

The research is to examine physical the health effects of prolonged display screen equipment usage and the preventive measures to be applied that help to address ergonomic issues, which can lead to better-designed workspaces, enhancing employee comfort and reducing injury risks for desk-bound employees at work.

The analysis will assist in identifying the similarities in meaning across the data. To address these goals, the dissertation takes the form of a critical literature review, which. This involves summarizing and critically evaluating information available on the specified topic, as well as literature reviews with references from academic sources without human surveys or participation.

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