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Critical Analysis on Bias and Frames in News Media

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Sølve Nyholt Magnussen 12.10.2022 UiA SV-212
SV-212 Hand-in #1
The term “bias” seems to be thrown around a lot in discussions and debates, but what exactly
does it take for someone, or something, to be biased, and is bias something that can be
avoided, or something that has to be accepted in media? One thing that is certain, is that bias
exist, and always will exist in media, the question is rather what kind of bias it is, for example if
it is intended or unintended bias. In simple terms, bias is the idea that a person or groups tend
to favorize one perspective more than others. There can be different reasons for why bias
appears, for example, it might be because the reporters themselves have certain worldviews,
and as a consequence of that, they interpret events through this perspective, even if they try to
“stay neutral”. This might mean that for instance, news reporters “tell stories” of events
through the same perspective, but it might also happen that they recognize that there are other
perspectives, and therefore try to tell stories from other perspectives as well, but you might
argue that even if they do decide to try to include other perspectives, the fact is that the story
might still be affected by their own interpretation of events. It might be easy to confuse the
term “bias” with the term “frame”, because they are very connected to each other, but one key
difference might be that a “frame” is more physical, and includes more than biases do, and that
frames of events might be influenced by different biases, but the term “bias” is more narrow.
Bias can take many different forms, and some are very clear throughout articles and reports,
while some are more subtle. One of the more obvious types of bias is what Denis McQuail
(Street, 2021, pp. 10-13) identifies as Partisan bias. This type of bias, is one that clearly, and
intentionally, promotes ideologies or political ideals, for example by blatantly advocating for
readers to vote for certain political parties, or by writing negative stories about politicians the
publisher do not agree with. Street (2021, p. 11) gives examples of cases where this type of bias
was clearly present in popular newspaper in the UK the times prior to the general election. In a
Norwegian context, it might be more difficult to find this type of blatant endorsements of
political decisions. Although some people might argue that certain popular newspapers
promote political views, it seems that if they do this, they don’t do it through direct partisan
bias like in the UK. However, there are some exceptions to this, for example, the Norwegian
newspaper NRK occasionally posts articles written by politicians and organizations where the
Sølve Nyholt Magnussen 12.10.2022 UiA SV-212
authors express political opinions or even promote or criticize political decisions. The difference
here is that these articles are not written by the employees of the newspaper itself, but simply
posted there, but these articles can be argued to be an example of partisan bias in Norwegian
press. Of course, there are also smaller, lesser known, newspapers that contain a lot of partisan
bias, but it does not seem like this is the norm in Norwegian press.
Staying in the realm of politics, another type of bias McQuill (Street, 2021, pp. 10-13) identifies,
is propaganda bias. Similarly to partisan bias, propaganda bias aims to promote political ideals,
but in a more subtle way than partisan bias. While partisan bias blatantly tells readers to “go
vote for this party”, propaganda bias would only hint at it, for example by making stories about
how political decisions have led to things the reader might consider as negative. News stories
with propaganda bias might for instance use rhetorical methods to convince readers that
certain political parties or movements cause bad things to happen. Examples of this can be how
some newspapers write about how new or suggested climate policies have or will affect a local
community, without mentioning a lot about climate change, or the positive impacts the policy
might have . This would not be a blatant promotion of any political party, but by only reporting
the negative impacts this new policy might have, you could argue that it would “agree” more
with typical right-wing narratives about climate change.
Another subtle bias is what McQuaill (Street, 2021, pp. 10-13) calls ideological bias. This type of
bias is the most subtle type mentioned in this text, and it is an unintentional one. Everyone has
their own ideas about how the world works, so it thinking that a person can write totally
unbiased and “neutral” stories about events might be seen as naïve. Ideological bias is not only
present in published articles, you could argue that it is just as present in the “unpublished”,
because journalists’ and publishers’ worldview favorizes certain stories over other, because of
their ideological bias. Another example can be on how two similar events are being told, for
example if the two events have actors with different genders. Ideological bias can happen when
journalists have assumptions about what is “normal” and what is not, or it can be about what
they believe to be positive and negative. For example, in an event of a large business that
creates a lot of economic growth, one newspaper might write this as a positive new story,
because according to their worldview, economic growth is always something that should be
Sølve Nyholt Magnussen 12.10.2022 UiA SV-212
celebrated, so growing economies will get more positive coverage, while economic decline will
get more negative coverage. In this same hypothetical case, another newspaper might cover
worker’s rights in said business, and this may lead to a more critical report of this “thriving”
business, because unlike the other paper, the authors of this report do no assume economic
growth solely as a unit of success and triumph. in short, ideological bias can be seen as a
reporter’s assumptions of events or about society, and how it might affect what they deem as
newsworthy, and a reporter’s worldview might influence how or why they report something,
and it might influence if an event gets a positive or negative report.
Bias and framing are closely related, in the sense that they both might favorize certain aspects
of an event or a story, and tell it based on journalists’ and publisher’s worldviews. The term is
somewhat self-explanatory, as it is a “frame”, meaning that it is one way to write, or show a
news story. One could say that a frame can be a result of a bias, for example because a
journalist might unintentionally report on something in a specific way, because of their own
worldview, but they might also not only be influenced by their bias. For instance, one might a
journalist might create a frame to show an event without there having to be a very “black and
white” picture of the event. In other words, a frame can show “realities” from certain
perspectives, without there being a clear answer or solution, or for instance without hinting
towards any “one cause” of events. Events can be written and reported about in an infinite
amount of ways, so picking out what journalists do not deem relevant, is of course crucial. By
picking and choosing which aspects of a story you want to show, you are creating a “frame” of
the event, and this is where biases might come into play. You could say that it is as if the author
is looking at the event through a metaphorical “frame”, consisting of ideology and worldviews.
Biases can affect frames in many different ways, for instance, in reporting on refugees,
propaganda bias might lead to one reporter prioritizing that “many refugees are crossing the
border”, and another reporter reporting “many refugees are struggling and starving”. In these
hypothetical frames, one frames refugees as being problematic, while the other frames
refugees as being in distress, even though the event is the same. Another example can be how
different newspapers portray climate change. Generally speaking, it seems that the political
right is more skeptical about climate policies and deem them as unimportant, so if a newspaper
Sølve Nyholt Magnussen 12.10.2022 UiA SV-212
writes critically about climate policies, it might be an example of how righ-wing propaganda bias
contributes to how an event is framed

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