Alternative Theoretical Positions and Applications

Personality theories and PTSD

Alternative Theoretical Positions and Applications

The idea of personality is broadly accepted as being fundamental in psychology, but its dynamics as well as the ways that it may be identified and assessed are questions in which psychologists have been in substantial disagreement. Millon had been focused on perpetually creating a systematic program to describe standard as well as abnormal personality functioning and also to determine various kinds of personality types and conditions according to deductive thinking. This varies with the rising inductive technique that identified proportions of personality functioning and realignment according to factor evaluation of the personality lexicon qualities. The present system consists of 13 personality designs or kinds according to groups generally observed in a number of communities to varying degrees. The primary personality designs established by Millon had been all variants from the Passive, Active along with Pleasure-Pain proportions. Over his years of analysis, Millon has produced a powerful theoretical design composed of 13 personality designs. One of the biggest benefits of Millon’s theoretical design is the development of an operationalized evaluation tool which will determine an individual’s degree of each one of the personality designs within this model (Huck, 1998).

Cloninger has created personality theory as being the biopsychosocial type of character and personality, which is founded on biological, neurophysiological, mental and hereditary research. It explains the connection among personality biogenetic framework and psychological conditions. Cloninger recommended that individual can be viewed like a multidimensional construct which includes lower as well as higher degrees of individual functioning via the attributes of character and personality. Cloninger conceptualizes personality as being the mixture of two connected areas: character and personality features. Character is highlighting heritable as well as neurobiologically centered variations in behavioral conditioning, and personality characteristics highlighting each neurobiological as well as sociocultural systems of semantic and personal-conscious understanding. These areas are hypothesized to have interaction like a nonlinear powerful system controlling the creation of human psychological features. Personality system had been recommended as the 7-aspect style of character and personality. Cloninger et all. recommended that character includes 4 heritable measurements: Novelty-Seeking NS); Harm-Avoidance (HA); along with Reward Dependency (RD), from where the 4th measurement Perseverance (P) surfaced. Cloninger hypothesized that character attributes tend to be decided genetically and linked together with serotonergic, dopaminergic, as well as noradrenergic routines, with earlier life reflections. It really is talked about that they have powerful relationships together with the old cortico-striatal as well as limbic techniques that control behaviors and abilities (Bajraktarov, Gudeva-Nikovska, Manueva And Arsova, 2017).

The 5-factor design is definitely an empirical method for identifying personality framework via the research into language. Language could be perceived like a sedimentary deposit from the findings of individuals over the hundreds of years of language’s improvement and change. The most crucial personality areas functioning will be those that have the highest number of words and phrases to explain and distinguish their different expressions and intricacies, as well as the personality framework will likely be apparent from the empirical connection amid the varying traits. This kind of lexical descriptions of languages have usually recognized 5 essential personality dimensions: extraversion (or good emotionality), antagonism, conscientiousness (or restriction), neuroticism (or unfavorable affectivity), along with openness (or unconventionality). Each one of these 5 broad areas could be separated further when it comes to fundamental aspects. For instance, the areas of antagonism compared to agreeableness consist of suspiciousness compared to trusting gullibility, challenging-mindedness compared to sensitive-mindedness, self-confidence and arrogance compared to modesty as well as meekness, exploitation compared to altruism and compromise, oppositionalism and hostility compared to conformity, and deceptiveness and manipulation compared to straightforwardness and integrity (Widiger, 2007).

II

Millon theorized that each one of the personality conditions mirrors elevations in at least one of 6 essential dispositions of basic personality framework structured with regards to 3 polarities. The 3 polarities tend to be pain-pleasure, passive-active, along with self-other. As advised by Strack, Millon’s personality disorder model is maybe the most regularly used personality systems of this particular era. Millon has become a notable theorist within the personality disorder theorization. His specific hypothetical design, nevertheless, is one of the least examined, as well as the limited quantity of research which has been carried out has frequently been refutative. For instance, O’Connor and Dyce (1998), utilizing a number of samples and evaluation tools offered by 9 formerly released scientific studies, confirmed that personality disorders usually do not covary in a way that is constant with the way they are explained with regards to the 3 polarities (Widiger, 2007).

Cloninger’s idea is undoubtedly grand in the attempt to incorporate humanistic, existential model with contemporary neurobiology and his particular 7-factor design has created a considerable amount of research. Cloninger has recommended a 7-factor design of abnormal and normal personality performance. The 7 factors include 4 essential temperaments, 3 of which are reportedly related to specific neurotransmitters: novelty searching (dopamine), damage avoidance (serotonin), incentive reliance (norepinephrine), and determination. Additionally, he indicates there are also 3 personality styles of personal-directedness, cooperativeness, along with personal-transcendence, that formulated by way of a nonlinear connection of personality, family surroundings, and life encounters (Widiger, 2007).

The 5-factor model or FFM has substantial empirical assistance with regards to fundamental hereditary framework, childhood antecedents, temporal balance throughout the lifespan, universality and practical importance for a multitude of essential life results, such as work, well-being, marriage stableness, as well as health. Additionally, a substantial system of studies has properly recorded that personality conditions are easily comprehended as maladaptive versions from the areas and areas of the FFM (Widiger, 2007).

III

The MCMI-III is one among the family of evaluation tools that operationalize Millons transformative psychopathology and personality model. Created over a duration of almost 4 decades, the design signifies an effort to produce a mature methodical personology science that symbolizes 5 important elements:

1. Common scientific Concepts-Science based within the all-pervasive laws of mother nature.

2. Topic-focused concepts-Explanatory as well as heuristic conceptual schemas of natures manifestation with what we refer to as psychopathology and personology.

3. A personality taxonomy styles and methodical syndromes-A categorization and nosology produced rationally from the synchronized personality/psychopathology model.

4. Built-in methodical and personality evaluation equipment-Resources which are empirically based and quantitatively receptive.

5. Synergistic treatment interventions-Synchronized techniques and methods of therapy.

Included inside the design are Millons descriptions for a specific personality taxonomy. Millon thought that it must be ideal for the DSM to use diagnostic targets which signify complicated personality prototypes. The scientific literature continues to be encouraging from the MCMI PD scales to be dependable and legitimate steps of constantly dispersed prototype characteristic qualities which can be helpful for identifying individuals based on DSM requirements. For instance, the factor framework of MCMI PD (personality disorder) scales is basically the same in regular as well as patient samples and both groupings acquired comparable personality designs around the MCMI as well as other Millon steps that evaluate normal characteristics (Strack And Millon, 2007).

Application

I

The creation of PTSD is proven to be affected by personality characteristics in addition to degree of contact with traumatic situations. In connection with this, Lecic-Tosevski, Gavrilovic, Knezevic, and Priebe (2003) analyzed 107 healthcare college students who experienced air assaults throughout the civil war of Serbia. They discovered that self-reported degrees of intrusion signs and symptoms might be estimated by seriousness of anxiety exposure as well as MCMI-I Compulsive and Passive-Aggressive PD degree, with greater signs and symptoms related to greater anxiety exposure, reduced compulsive characteristics, and greater passive aggressive characteristics. The scientists additionally discovered that signs and symptoms of avoidance might be expected from the students level of anxiety exposure as well as their totals in the MCMI-I Avoidant PD scale (higher avoidance being associated with higher visibility and better avoidant scores) (Rossi And Derksen, 2015).

II

Theodore Millon has led to conceptualizing individual disorders in modern medical scientific research and practice. Millon functioned relentlessly across professional areas as well as theoretical orientations, creating a vibrant integrative personality model along with its pathology, indirectly and directly affecting the developing versions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Handbook of Psychological Disorders. Millon asserted that psychopathology categorization, such as PDs, ought to combine concepts, empirical findings, as well as the objectives of medical practice. Throughout these essential writings, Millons theoretical design matured from the biosocial to the biopsychosocial to an evolutionary viewpoint. Briefly, Millon stated that categorization of PDs ought to derive its reasoning and framework from specific (a) general systematic concepts grounded in all-pervasive laws of nature, (b) subject-centered concepts according to heuristic conceptual schemas, (c) a personality spectrum designs portrayed from both abnormal to normal to disordered, (d) empirically created and confirmed evaluation tools, and (e) built-in remedies. Specifically, Millon considered personality as a possible evolutionary variation and PD as being an issue in adaptation, providing rise to individual variations in personality type, varying on spectra from standard to disordered. The spectra tend to be richly recognized via Millons pantheoretical integrative scope throughout several characterological domains such as expressive actions, social conduct, intellectual style, self-image, frame of mind and impact, intrapsychic dynamics (rules and protection), intrapsychic content material (psychological self as well as other representations), and intrapsychic framework (personality organization along with cohesion). A model-consistent evaluation of those characterological domains may be accomplished utilizing the Millon Personality Spectrometer (Pincus And Krueger, 2015).

III

Millon stated of personalities that they will be like impressionist artwork for the reason that every single one is, at a certain range, effortlessly accessed, but in close proximity there exists an overwhelming intricacy. His is really a working model involving human personality problems, in addition to standard functioning. This can be a comfort considering that psychological medical researchers usually are not viewed as very precise with regards to evaluating normality, and maybe they remain in close proximity to the artwork as they say (Millon, Millon, Meagher, Grossman And Ramnath, 2004). Millons method of PDs will continue being influential and essential.

Analysis and Conclusion

The modern trends in personality theories have forced researchers to delve deeper into the relationship between personality and psychopathology. Some of these asoects that are now intrinsically analyzed include, but are not restricted to, “behavioral genetics and longitudinal developmental studies supporting the heritability and stability of trait dispositions assessed by personality inventories, as well as progress in the conceptualization and measurement of personality and temperament including its links to a?ective dispositions and structural and biochemical systems in the brain” (Miller, 2003). The domain of traumatic stress and PTSD, nevertheless, has missed out on much parallel development due to the fact that there is little to no evidence present or researched to showcase the association of PTSD and personality. The most direct inclusion of such an approach recently was conducted by Paris (2000) who gathered content on a variety of variables that could lead to PTSD inclduing thr variable of premorbid personality yet he failed to include researches on personlaity theories. This is why we find that Millon’s evolutionary theory of personality can be applicable in these circumstances.

Using the foundations set in Theodore Millon, Ph.D., D.Sc.s Evolutionary Theory of personality and psychopathology, we can utilize the brief Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III) instrument to measure the relationship between personality and PTSD. This instrument calculates abtotal of 24 different personality disorders and clinical syndromes for any and all candidates who have experienced some level of psychological or psychiatric therapy/analysis. The MCMI-III consists of a total of 175 questions in the ttue or false format, allowing an individual to complete the test in less than half an hour, and includes various scales wheteby the aspects of personality, clinical structure and verification can be used to analyse the true condition of the relationship between the candidate’s personality and the extent of PTSD (Framingham, 2018).

Benefits of the Millon

“The MCMI-III is distinguished from other personality tests primarily by its shortness, its theoretical anchoring, multiaxial format, tripartite construction and validation schema, use of base rate scores, and interpretive depth. It is anchored to Millons theories of personality and coordinated to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) personality disorders and other major clinical diagnoses” (Framingham, 2018).

The following personality styles and types are invluded in the MCMI-III tesst which is founded on Millons theory of personality:

1. Retiring/Schizoid

2. Shy/Avoidant

3. Pessimistic/Melancholic

4. Cooperative/Dependent

5. Exuberant/Hypomanic

6. Sociable/Histrionic

7. Confident/Narcissistic

8. Nonconforming/Antisocial

9. Assertive/Sadistic

10. Conscientious/Compulsive

11. Skeptical/Negativistic

12. Aggrieved/Masochistic

13. Eccentric/Schizotypal

14. Capricious/Borderline

15. Suspicious/Paranoid (Framingham, 2018)

What I will do differently using the Millon Measures

I, when deaaling with PTSD patients, will keep 85 same items and introduce 90 new ones thay deal particularly with the extremities of the symptoms observed. Hence the test will contain14 personality disorder scales and 10 clinical syndrome scales. The primary aim will be to understand whether the patient has a personality or mental disorder (Framingham, 2018).

The personality test is further divided in the scales below:

Moderate Personality Disorder Scales

1. Schizoid

2A. Avoidant

2B. Depressive

3. Dependent

4. Histrionic

5. Narcissistic

6A. Antisocial

6B. Aggressive (Sadistic)

7. Compulsive

8A. Passive-Aggressive (Negativistic)

8B. Self-Defeating (Framingham, 2018)

Severe Personality Pathology Scales

S. Schizotypal

C. Borderline

P. Paranoid

Moderate Clinical Syndrome Scales

A. Anxiety

H. Somatoform

N. Bipolar: Manic

D. Dysthymia

B. Alcohol Dependence

T. Drug Dependence

R. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Severe Syndrome Scales

SS. Thought Disorder

CC. Major Depression

PP. Delusional Disorder (Framingham, 2018)

What I will do differently in this test is that I will keep the test brief in comparison to other personality inventories and have a strong theoretical basis. “Some psychologists prefer to give it because the administration and scoring are simple, and it has a multi-axial format”. I prefer to us it as it is much less time consuming than most other options available for personality tests e.g. MMPI-2 that requires over 500 answers in the true/false format. I can manage and compile the test answers and scores on the computer which is another time savinng factor. Therefore I will use the scales to guage in a timely manner some of the basic personality traits of the individual – their strengths – and build the treatment process around that. This will attain accurate responses quicker and thus present quicker solutions to PTSD issues.

References

Pincus, A. L., & Krueger, R. F. (2015). Theodore Millon’s contributions to conceptualizing personality disorders. Journal of personality assessment, 97(6), 537-540.

Millon, T., Millon, C. M., Meagher, S. E., Grossman, S. D., & Ramnath, R. (2004). Personality disorders in modern life. John Wiley & Sons.

Rossi, G., & Derksen, J. (2015). International adaptations of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory: Construct validity and clinical applications. Journal of personality assessment, 97(6), 572-590.

OConnor, B. P., & Dyce, J. A. (1998). A test of models of personality disorder configuration. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107(1), 3.

Lecic-Tosevski, D., Gavrilovic, J., Knezevic, G., & Priebe, S. (2003). Personality factors and posttraumatic stress: Associations in civilians one year after air attacks. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17, 537549.

Strack, S., & Millon, T. (2007). Contributions to the dimensional assessment of personality disorders using Millon’s model and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMIIII). Journal of Personality Assessment, 89(1), 56-69.

Bajraktarov, S., Gudeva-Nikovska, D., Manueva, N., & Arsova, S. (2017). Personality Characteristics as Predictive Factors for the Occurrence of Depressive Disorder. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 5(1), 4853. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2017.022

Framingham, J. (2018). Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-III). Psych Central.

Huck, N. O. (1998). Psychological reactance and Millon’s personality theory: An integrative comparison (Order No. 9835414). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global: The Sciences and Engineering Collection. (304452298). Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com.libaccess.sjlibrary.org/docview/304452298?accountid=10361

Miller, M. W. (2003). Personality and the Etiology and Expression of PTSD: A Three?Factor Model Perspective. Clinical Psychology Science and Practice.

Paris, J. (2000). Predispositions, personality traits, and post- traumatic stress disorder. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 8, 175183.

Widiger, T. A. (2007). Dimensional models of personality disorder. World Psychiatry, 6(2), 7983.

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