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MODULE 1:
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Geography and Tourism
What is geography?
Geography came from the greek words “geo,” meaning “earth” and “graphy” means to “write”. In contemporary geography,
it is a science more than writing (Rubenstein, et al., 2013). Literally it means description of the earth (Hobbs, 2007).
According to the royal geographical society geography is defined as the study of earth’s landscape people places and
environment.
Elements of Geography
The national geographic society identified six essential elements of geography (Hobbs, 2007) proving that geography
is broad and encompassing. These are:
1. World in spatial terms – geography studies the relationships between people places and environments by mapping
information about them into a spatial context.
2. Places and regions – the identities and lives of individuals and people i rooted in particular places and in those human
constructs called regions.
3. Physical systems – physical processes shaped earth’s surface and interact with the plant and animal life to create, sustain,
and modify ecosystems.
4. Human systems – people are central to the geography human activities, settlements, and structures help shape earth’s
surface, and humans compete for control of earth surface.
5. Environment and society – the physical environment is influenced by the ways in which human societies value and use
earth’s physical features and processes.
6. Uses of geography – knowledge of geography in able people to develop an understanding of the relationships between
people, places, and environments overtime- that is of ate as it was, is, and as it might be.
Rules of Geography in Tourism
The United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) states that “tourism comprises the activities of persons
traveling to and staying in places outside the usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure
businesses and other purposes.” the definition revealed that the graphical characteristics of tourism as it covers people and
its activities, places, destinations, and environment. This simply gives us an idea on the roles of geography in tourism, such
as the following:
Product of Tourism and Travel Motivator – attractions are the most important pillar of tourism, which serves as a pull factor
that brings tourist to the destination or it’s a visit (Bonafice et al., 2016). It also serves as the major travel motivator that
drives theories to seek new destinations. Understanding tourist motivations for traveling is essential to the business aspects
of the tourism industry. Mainly physical and cultural features of the place often catch the interest of the travelers. The desire
to travel is ignited with the idea of discovering the world’s wonders. Every country in the world boost its resources. This can
be landforms, bodies of water, climate, people, and culture.
• Climate refers to the existing weather condition in the region in the Philippines people only experience wet or rainy and
dry or summer seasons. In this sense the climate becomes an attraction that pulls travelers to visit a certain country.
• Bodies of water account for rivers waterfalls seas lakes lagoons and name a few.
o Rivers are made of fresh water running toward larger bodies of water like oceans or seas. Christine is one of the
activities tourists enjoy and get excited about some of the most popular rivers in the world are the Nile River in Africa,
Amazon River in Brazil, Mississippi River in United State of America and Danube River in Germany.
o Waterfalls are cascades of water running down to a natural basin. This body of water draw tourist due to its
extraordinary beauty. Famous waterfalls are Niagara Falls, Iguazu Falls, and Angel Falls which is the highest waterfall
in the world.
o Seas our bodies of salt water. Apart from their charm various activities also draw tourists to seas.
o Lakes are large inland bodies of water. Lagoons are shallow sea waters and divided by a sandbar or coral reef.
Snorkeling activities can be best experience in these.
o Oceans are innermost body of water. There are four major oceans in the world in these are the Pacific Ocean, the
Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean.
• Landforms are formations on the earth’s surface. These are mountains valleys and plateaus.
o Mountains are land formations attracting travelers with great interest in hiking and climbing. Mt. Everest in Nepal, Mt.
Andes in Peru and Mt. Kilimanjaro in Tanzania are some of the popular mountains in the world that mostly get the
mountaineers attention.
o Valley a lowland areas between wheels or mountains. Sometimes a river runs through it. Its mystic scenery draw
stories two places would rather picture is beauty such as the Valley of Geysers, Napa Valley in California, Logar
Valley in Slovenia and Haa Valley in Bhutan.
o Plateau or high plains are remarkable formations where the top of highest point of elevation is flat or plane. There
are amazing plateau worth visiting like Kukenan Tepui in Venezuela and Tibetan Plateau, also known as the “rooftop
of the world,” it is considered as the highest plateau in the world.
Apart from the earth’s physical features, travelers are also motivated by the cultural attributes of the destination. People’s
way of life manifested in their food, politics, language, religion, and economic activities play a significant role in encouraging
tourist to visit a specific place or country
Travel or itinerary planning – tourism practitioners and tourist find geography significant in tourism in terms of traveling or
itinerary planning. In this sense, geography is seen as a tool in locating places & identifying distance, common notion of
some about geography. However, tourism and travel trade professionals view geography beyond location and distance. It
goes beyond the purchasing of flight tickets, obtaining tour packages and booking hotel rooms.
Types of Maps
A map is a flat representation of the world. It contains pertinent information about a particular area. However the
earth is inherently complex that it is impossible to put all the details in a map. In tourism, maps are often used to locate a
destination and ascertain distance from origin to destination.
There are various types of maps you can use.
o Road map shows main roads and access to points of interest such as city landmarks and parks
o Political map focuses on the boundary of a certain nation.
o Physical map generally shows mountains and bodies of water in a certain place.
o Climate map sent information pertaining to the climate a particular area.
o Economic map is a type of map showing the economic resources available in the area tobacco and iron.
o Mental map is our personal geographic location of information and facts about a certain place of location (Hobbs,
2007).
They commonly use map by tourist in exploring tourist destinations and attractions is the tourist map, a type of map
used to show the different points of interest and attractions of a particular city or town. It can be acquired in the airport,
tourist information counters, and places of accommodation. Although not all are gifted in reading maps, what make this
easy-to-understand are the symbols and the legends
Half of earth’s sphere is called a hemisphere the northern and southern hemispheres are separated by the equator,
an imaginary horizontal line at 0 degrees latitude. The eastern and western hemispheres are separated by the prime
meridian, a vertical imaginary line at 0 degree longitude, and it is also the reference of time in the world. Longitude has a
great role in the time calculation wherein a 360 degrees longitude is equivalent to 24 hours. The imaginary line toward west
of prime meridian indicates a time behind; every 15 degrees is equivalent to 1 hour. Earth’s eastward rotation from the prime
meridian is ahead in time. Time zones of the east hemisphere show a plus sign prior to each number.
International Date Line (IDL) is an imaginary longitudinal line that lies at above 180° of the prime meridian. The prime
meridian is the line that divides western and eastern these are some the visitor or day tripper is a person who stays at the
destination for less than a day or more than 24 hours hemispheres. This longitude 0°
0 line runs thru Greenwich, England; that is why it is also called as Greenwich Meridian. It serves as a point of reference to
measure the distance any place on earth from east to west.
International Tourism
The UNWTO defines, “Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their
usual environment for not more than one consecutive year four leisure, business and other purposes.” The person in this
definition is referred to as a visitor and can be classified as:
o Excursionist or same day visitor or day tripper is a person who stays the destination less than a day or more than 24
hours.
o Tourist stays at the destination for at least 24 hours or overnight, but the stay does not exceed a one year.
Tourist engage in international tourism our residents visiting places outside their home country. This type of travel
required documents such as a passport and a visa before leaving the country and permitted entry into the foreign country.
Passport is a major requirement in traveling outside one’s country. It is an official and legal document issued by the
government to its citizens. There are different types of passports in the Philippines issued by the Department of Foreign
Affairs.
1. Regular passport issued to Filipinos traveling internationally.
2. Diplomatic passports are provided to diplomatic officials of the country and
3. Official passport issued for official business to the employees of the Philippine Government.
In securing a Philippine passport, one is required to:
1. Appear personally at the department of foreign affairs or any of their satellite offices. You cannot just visit their office
anytime you want
2. Have a confirmed appointment made before the appearance to the department. You can set an appointment through
their website (http://www.dfa.gov.ph)
3. Accomplish a printed application form that can be downloaded from the DFA appointment system. The necessary
documents required include a birth certificate issued by the Philippine statistic office, valid id pictures, and other supporting
documents to prove your identity.
Documents needed in travelling abroad are not limited to passports. Entry in other countries needs an endorsement
issued by the consular office of the country to be visited, which allows the bearer an entry, otherwise known as a visa. Visa
requirements vary per country, not all nations require a visa from their visitors.
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